In order to investigate the possibility of quinoa producing in Garmsar, Iran, a factorial experiment conducted in randomized complete block design with three replications in 2018-2019 growing season at Garmsar Agricultural Research Station. The factors were planting date at three levels (March 6th, April 1st and April 6th) and the three genotypes of quinoa (Q26, Q29 and Titicaca). Results showed that the effect of planting date was significant for all studied traits except the harvest index. Also, all studied traits were significantly different in all genotypes. Titicaca planted on March 6th had the highest yield (2276 kg.ha-1).The grain yield and yield components decreased with the delaying the planting date. Compared to early plantings, Latest date, April 6th, led to reduction of all traits, especially grain yield (about 50%). The results of simple phenotypic correlation between the studied traits showed that grain yield per hectare had the highest correlation with plant yield (0.877) and then with leaf area index (0.832), panicle weight (0.815) and number of branches per plant (0.745) that was significant at the 1% probability level.

The cyclamen (Myrsinascea) as the flowers growing in some temperate regions, are of high ecological and botanical importance and endangered as well. Therefore, to provide an opportunity to identify and protect its species, Iranian native cyclamen was studied. Plants were collected (in winter and spring) from three northern provinces of Iran, i. e., Guilan, Mazandaran, and Golestan, and their morphological traits (14 quantitative and 10 qualitative traits) were assessed. Based on the analysis of variance, there were significant differences in some recorded traits, e. g., leaf number, flower number, flower color, and flower and leaf shape, which would allow selecting plants with more optimal traits. The cluster analysis divided the plants into three groups. Accordingly, the plants collected from the Shadan region in Golestan province and those collected from the Sinava and Shahsheshmeh regions in Chalus County, Mazandaran province differed from the plants collected from the other regions. The plants were collected from the Abpari and Lavij regions in Nur County, the Pasand region in Behshahr County, the Qarnabad region in Gorgan County, and the Deylaman region in Siahkal County were placed in the same group due to their similar morphology although they had been collected from three different provinces. The first group included the cyclamens of the Qarnabad region in Gorgan County, the Lavij region in Nur County, the Deylaman region in Siahkal County, the Pasand region in Behshahr County, and the Abpari region in Nur County. These plants had lowly toothed leaf margins, long petals, and few seeds. The second group included the cyclamens of the Shadan region in Kordkuy County. These plants had longer and heavier hypocotyls, larger and wider leaves, and smaller flowers. They showed the highest number of seeds, hypocotyl diameter, length, and weight, flower number, leaf length and width, leaf area, petiole and peduncle length, and peduncle diameter. The third group included the cyclamens of the Sinava and Shahsheshmeh regions in Chalus County. They had the highest petal width but the lowest peduncle diameter, leaf length, width, and area, flower and leaf number, and hypocotyl weight, length, and diameter. The cyclamens native to Iran are highly diverse in morphological traits and they need to be further investigated by cytogenetic, phytochemical, and molecular methods.

To improve garlic breeding, it is important to determine the morphological differences between garlic genotypes of local origin. This study was conducted to determine the phenotypic diversity of Turkish softneck garlic (Allium sativum L. sub. var. sativum) genotypes using morphological traits determined based on International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV) descriptors. Twenty-six garlic genotypes were characterized using 15 quantitative morphological characteristics. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) revealed that the first four principal components explained 84.58% of the total variation among the 26 garlic genotypes. The characters with the greatest contribution to variability were identified as Plant Height (PH), Pseudostem Diameter (PSD), Leaf Length (LL), Leaf Width (LW), Bulb Weight (BW), Yield (Y), Bulb Height (BH), Bulb Diameter (BD), Clove Height (CH), Bulb Height/Bulb Diameter ratio (BH/BD), Vumber of Cloves (NC), Clove Weight (CW), Clove Width (CWi), and Clove Thickness (CT). Significant differences were observed in the quantitative traits of garlic genotypes. As a result of the study, AS14 stood out for its clove weight, length, width, and thickness, while AS13 had the highest bulb weight and yield. The present findings could be reliably used in the development of new garlic varieties.

In order to investigate the effects of plant growth promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) inoculation on the morphological traits of Tarragon a factorial pot experiment, based on completely randomized design with four replications, were conducted in research field of Horticulture Department of Mohaghegh Ardabili University in 2010 - 2011. Treatments consisted of inoculation with three species of rhizobacteria namel y Azotobacter, Azosperillium, Pseudomonas suspension in single and combination applications of these bacteria which included Azotobacter- Azosperillium, Azotobacter Pseudomonas, Azosperillium-seudomonas, Azotobacter- Azosperillium- Pseudomonas and control (without inoculation), which were applied as rhizome inoculation and foliar spraying. Results revealed that inoculation of tarragon plants with plant growth promoting Rhizobacteria had significant effect on growth parameters. The highest value for traits such as the number of stem branches and rhizome and leaf number were obtained by foliar application of Azosperillium - Pseudomonas combination and combined form of three mentioned Rhizobacteria. Rhizome inoculation of Azotobacter - Azosperillium combination caused increases in plant height and rhizome dry weight in comparison with control. In general, results of this investigation indicated that inoculation with plant growth promoting Rhizobacteria caused increases in growth indices of tarragon plants by enhancing root growth and development by providing favorable conditions for plant growth with respect to supplying better condition for water and nutritional elements absorption from soils.

In order to determine the best planting date of different rapeseed cultivars, an experiment in split plots arranged in randomized complete blocks design with four replications conducted at the Research Center of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Southern Khorasan in 2006. Planting date in five levels including planting in 28 September, 8, 18 and 28 October and 7 November as main plots and five rapeseed cultivars of Zarfam, Ocupy, Talaye, Hayola405 and RGS003 as subplots were investigated. The results of the study showed that planting date had a significant effect on all traits except for number of seed per pod and 1000 grains weight. Delaying in planting date led to reduction in days to flowering, pod initiation and maturity, number of pod per plant and seed yield. There wasn’t any significant differences between three first planting dates in aspect of seed yield but the first one with average of 1.72 ton per ha had the maximum yield. The effect of cultivar was also significant for days to flowering, pod initiation and maturity and seed yield. Hayola405, RGS003 and Zarfam with averages of 1.48, 1.33 and 1.16 ton per ha had the highest yield among cultivars but they showed no significant differences. According to the results, Hayola405 and planting date from 28 September to 18 October are the best cultivar and planting date, respectively and could be suggested for the region.

Indicators for predicting the quality and vigor of fruit tree seedlings can be worthwhile if they are conveniently and visually assessable in various climatic regions. Since allometric relationships exist between plum seedling vigor index and morphological traits, this study evaluated morphological features in plum seedlings while determining their quality and vigor. The samples were of major commercial varieties from several regions of Iran, and the assessments followed path analysis and multiple linear regression. Plum seedlings of 8 commercial cultivars were harvested in three replicates from 11 nurseries in four provinces. morphological indicators included seedling height, diameter above the graft line (DAGL) and at root-collar (RCD), root length, number of roots and branches, seedling vigor, dry weights of aerial parts and roots (ADW and RDW, respectively), and ratio of height to DAGL and seedling height to ADW. Simple correlations among these variables appeared diverse, and the correlation coefficients broke down into direct and indirect effects through path analysis, with vigor as the dependent variable. This variable increased with some of its components, including DAGL and dry weight. However, the ratio of height to DAGL decreased when the accumulated growing degree-days (AGDD) increased from 2700 to about 4500 °C per day in the various regions. Average vigor values of certified and uncertified seedlings were 11.7 and 19.2, respectively. Among the visually assessable traits in the nursery, DAGL showed a higher correlation with the vigor variable and other morphological features, thus making it the most important index for plum seedling evaluation.

In order to determine the superior tomato local populations cultivated in West Azarbaijan, an experiment was conducted using randomized complete block design with four replication sat Kahriz Station during 2004.Thirty local populations of tomato selected from 140 local populations of West Azarbaijan along with three check verities, namely Koral, Petoearly-CH and Fauna were evaluated. During the growth season eight descriptive characters including sun scald, blossom end rot, fruit cracking, leaf density on stem, plant size, fruit firm texture, fruit size uniformity, fruit shape and 19 quantitative characters including days to flowering, days to first harvest, days to 50% fruit ripping, number of florescence on main stem, number of flower in the florescence, fruit set, length of main stem, number of lateral branch, number of fruit per plant, fruit length, fruit width, number of seed in fruit, fruit soluble content, fruit pH, vacuole umber per fruit, fruit per carp thickness, yield per plot and fruit weight per plot were recorded. Results of analysis of variance indicated significant differences among genotypes for all of the studied character sat 1% level of probability. Yield per plot showed positive and significant correlation with days to fruit ripening, fruit weight and fruit pH, whereas its correlation with number of fruit per plant and fruit soluble content was negative and significant In most of the genotypes, fruit peri carp thickness was relatively high. Fruit weight in the genotypes ranged from 175.4 g in landraces number 1647 to 38.85 g in landrace number 1717. Fauna check variety with 88.78 tha-1 and local populations of 1650and 1748 with 87.24 and 86.14 tha-1, respectively, showed the highest fruit yield. Whereas the minimum fruit yield was observed in the population number of 1717 with 59.66t.ha-1.

Information on germplasm diversity and relationships among elite materials is fundamentally important in crop improvement programs and especially will increase the efficiency of procedures used in hybrid breeding programs. In order to assess the possibility of grouping the maize inbred lines in maize breeding program, 52 inbreeds were evaluated for 40 morphological traits using randomized complete block design in three replications for two years(2002- 3) in experimental field of the Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Karaj, Iran. According to the analysis of variance, constancy and broad-sense heritability, 25 traits were selected for grouping the lines. Cluster analysis. based on standardized morphological data assigned the lines in four groups. According to step wise discrirnnant analysis, among the 25 traits, the most important ones were ear conicalness index, pedancul length out of flag leaf, kernel rows, length and area of flag leaf. The first seven principle components(PC) accounted for 83.5% of total variance. In the first PC, pedancul and ear shape were the most important, while, the second PC, described variations in ear diameter and kernel shape. The cluster analysis distinguished four clusters with seven PC clusters. The grouping of lines using these PCs, was in good agreement with morphological data. Some lines located in different groups, comparing the first groups. Concerning the independence of each PC, this grouping can be considered as a primary grouping for maize inbred lines.

In order to study the grouping of Agropyron tauri populations, 13 populations were investigated in a randomized complete blocks design with three replications. The study was performed in research field of Islamic Azad University of Tabriz in 2010. In this study, a number of traits including plant height, tiller number, leaf number, flag leaf length, first leaf length, second leaf length, first internode length, second internode length, crown cover, fresh yield, dry yield, fresh weight of single plant and dry weight per plant were evaluated. Analysis of variance showed significant differences among populations for all measured traits. Thirteen populations were classified into three clusters by cluster analysis of standardized data, based on Euclidean distance and Ward method. This result was in consistent with the height of geographic regions from which populations were collected. In principal components analysis, four components were introduced, and the traits of fresh and dry yield showed high and positive coefficients in first component. Results of cluster analysis were confirmed by results of principal components analysis.

Study of genetic diversity of rice is very important for rice breeders. In this study 64 genotypes for 14 agronomic traits were evaluated. Phenotypic variation coefficients of some of traits were high which showed essential variation in this traits. Principal component analysis detected 6 components which explained 74.66 percent of the total variations. The first component was related to generative traits such as number of spiklet per panicle, number of full grain per panicle, date of 50% flowering and length of panicle. In the third component, the date of complete maturity with -0.730 has negative effects on yield. Correlation analysis of morphological traits indicated a negative and significant relationship between early maturity and plant height, which showed early maturity cultivars, had higher plant type. Results of stepwise regression analysis for early maturity indicated that three traits such as date of 50% flowering, number of full grain per panicle and plant height showed higher variation and explained 54.3 percent of total early maturity variations. All traits were classified into 2 groups, by cluster analysis and traits belonged to early maturity classified as a sub-group. Genotypes were classified into 4 groups by using method of Wards minimum variance and squared Euclidean distance. Native cultivars from the view point of early maturity and yield components had useful information for rice breeding.